At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.
1850年之前的,美国有一个小的学院数目,其中大多数来自殖民时期。它们很小,教堂,其主要关注的是塑造学生的道德品行机构。
在整个欧洲,高等教育机构已经发展,同时对大学古名。在德国的大学主要是创造和传播知识,而不是道德问题。至本世纪中叶,并在1800年年底,已有超过9000名美国年轻人,他们在家里训练不满,到德国深造。其中一些成为-----返回哈佛,耶鲁,哥伦比亚大学老校长---转化为现代大学学习。新校长们断绝了和教会的关系,带来了一种新的教师。教授被聘请为他们的学科知识,而不是因为他们是有一个正确的信仰和约束学生的强硬手段。新的原则是,大学是创造知识,以及通过它,这对教师,学者组成的师资要求。钻井和死记硬背是由授课,其中教授自己的研究提出了在课堂上学习德语的方法所取代。研究生培养的博士领导,一个古老的德国学位标志着先进学识最高水平,为引进。随着研讨会体系的建立,研究生学会了提问,分析,并进行自己的研究。